CAES is a proven technology with decades of operational experience, designed to provide reliable, large-scale energy storage. By compressing air and storing it underground, CAES enables efficient use of excess renewable electricity and delivers power back when demand is high. Advanced adiabatic CAES further increases efficiency by storing and reusing the heat generated during compression. With storage capacities reaching hundreds of megawatts and durations of several hours, CAES can substitute conventional power plants, stabilize the grid, and even support hydrogen production. Its ability to re-use existing natural gas storage caverns creates additional opportunities for low-cost deployment.

Electricity drives compressors that inject high-pressure air into underground caverns or pressure vessels. When demand peaks, the compressed air is released, heated, and expanded through turbine to generate electricity. Advanced CAES systems can recycle heat, improving efficiency.

LAES offers a safe, scalable, and highly flexible long-duration energy storage option that uses only air and proven industrial components. Unlike traditional batteries, it is not limited by scarce raw materials, making it a sustainable and future-proof choice. With its large storage capacity and independence from specific geographical features, LAES can be deployed close to demand centers such as cities or industrial clusters. It provides critical services to the grid – from renewable integration and capacity provision to black-start capabilities – helping to unlock higher shares of wind and solar power on the path to net zero.

Electricity is used to cool air down to cryogenic temperatures, where it becomes liquid and can be stored in insulated tanks. When power is required, the liquid air is reheated, expands rapidly, and drives a turbine to generate electricity.

The CO₂ Battery is one of the most advanced long-duration storage technologies available today, combining high efficiency with flexibility and scalability. It operates in a closed-loop cycle using CO₂ as a working fluid, ensuring no emissions to the atmosphere. The system is modular, can be installed almost anywhere, and delivers grid-scale services from frequency regulation to peak shifting. With strong commercial momentum and multiple demonstration plants already in operation, the CO₂ Battery is rapidly becoming a key enabler of renewable integration, providing 24/7 green energy utilization and supporting the decarbonization of power systems worldwide.

During charging, electricity powers compressors that liquefy CO₂ under pressure. The liquid CO₂ is stored in tanks until energy is needed. In discharge mode, the CO₂ is evaporated and expanded through turbines to generate electricity, completing a fully reversible cycle.